the presents of

πᾰρά [pron. full] [ρᾰ], [dialect] Ep. and Lyr. also [full] παραί: shortd. [full] πάρ, in Hom., Lyr. (but rarely in Trag., in lyr. passages, A.Supp. 553, S.Tr. 636), and in all dial ects exc. [dialect] Att., GDI5434.8 ([place name] Paros), IG5(2).3.14 (Tegea, iv B. C.), Inscr.Magn.26.28 (Thess.), etc.:—Prep. c. gen., dat., and acc., prop.

A beside: hence,

A WITH GEN. prop. denoting motion from the side of, from beside, from:

I of Place,

πὰρ νηῶν ἔλθωμεν Il.13.744

;

παρὰ ναῦφιν ἐλευσόμεθ' 12.225

, etc.;

παρ' Ὠκεανοῖο ῥοάων.. ἐπερχομένη Od.22.197

;

πὰρ νηῶν ἀπώσεται Il.8.533

, etc.;

δῶρα π. νηὸς ἐνεικέμεν 19.194

;

φάσγανον ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος π. μηροῦ 1.190

, cf. 21.173;

σπασσάμενος.. ἄορ παχέος π. μηροῦ 16.473

; πλευρὰ παρ' ἀσπίδος ἐξεφαάνθη was exposed beside the shield, 4.468, cf. A.Th. 624.

II commonly of Persons,

1 with Verbs of going or coming, bringing, etc.,

ἦλθε.. πὰρ Διός Il.2.787

;

παρ' Αἰήταο πλέουσα Od.12.70

, etc.;

ἀγγελίη ἥκει π. βασιλέος Hdt.8.140

.

ά; αὐτομολήσαντες π. βασιλέως X.An.1.7.13

;

ἐξεληλυθὼς παρ' Ἀριστάρχου D.21.117

; ὁ π. τινὸς ἥκων his messenger, X.Cyr.4.5.53; so

οἱ π. τινός Th.7.10

, Ev.Marc.3.21, etc.;

ὅστις ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν π. βασιλέως πρὸς αὐτόν X.An.1.1.5

, etc.; τεύχεα καλὰ φέρουσα παρ' Ἡφαίστοιο from his workshop, Il.18.137, cf. 617, etc.;

ἀπαγγέλλειν τι π. τινός X.An.2.1.20

;

σὺ δὲ οἰμώζειν αὐτοῖς παρ' ἐμοῦ λέγε Luc.DMort.1.2

.

2 issuing from a person, γίγνεσθαι π. τινός to be born from, Pl.Smp. 179b; λόγος (sc. ἐστί) π. Ἀθηναίων c. acc. et inf., Hdt.8.55: freq. following a Noun, δόξα ἡ π. τῶν ἀνθρώπων glory from (given by) men, Pl.Phdr. 232a; ἡ π. τινὸς εὔνοια the favour from, i. e. of, any one, X.Mem.2.2.12; τὸ παρ' ἐμοῦ ἀδίκημα done by me, Id.Cyr.5.5.13; τὰ π. τινός all that issues from any one, as commands, commissions, Id.An.2.3.4, etc.; or promises, gifts, presents, Id.Mem.3.11.13; τὰ παρ' ἐμοῦ my opinions, Pl.Smp. 219a; παρ' ἑωυτοῦ διδούς giving from oneself, i. e. from one's own means, Hdt. 2.129, 8.5;

παρ' ἑαυτοῦ προσετίθει X.HG6.1.3

; νόμον θὲς παρ' ἐμοῦ by my advice, Pl.Prt. 322d; αὐτοὶ παρ' αὑτῶν of themselves, Id.Tht. 150d, cf. Phdr. 235c.

3 with Verbs of receiving, obtaining, and the like ,

τυχεῖν τινος π. τινός Od.6.290

, 15.158;

πὰρ δ' ἄρα μιν Ταφίων πρίατο 14.452

;

ἀρέομαι πὰρ μὲν Σαλαμῖνος Ἀθαναίων χάριν Pi.P.1.76

;

εὑρέσθαι τι π. τῶν θεῶν Isoc.9.14

, cf. IG12.40.10; δέχεσθαι, λαμβάνειν, ἁρπάζειν π. τινός, Th.1.20, X.Oec.9.11, Hes.Th. 914; ἀντιάσαι, αἰτήσασθαι π. τινός, S.El. 870 (lyr.), X.HG3.1.4;

ἀξιοῖ π. τοῦ ἰατροῦ φάρμακον πιὼν ἐξεμέσαι τὸ νόσημα Pl.R. 406d

;

κόσμος τοῖς πράξασι γίγνεται π. τῶν ἀκουσάντων Id.Mx. 236e

: without Verb,

ὁ καρπὸς ὁ π. τῶν δημάρχων IG12.76.27

: with Verbs of learning, etc.,

μεμαθηκέναι π. τινῶν Hdt.2.104

, etc.

4 with [voice] Pass. Verbs,

πὰρ Διὸς.. μῆνις ἐτύχθη Il.15.122

;

π. θεῶν ἡ τοιαύτη μανία δίδοται Pl.Phdr. 245c

, etc.; τὰ π. τῶν θεῶν σημαινόμενα, συμβουλευόμενα, X.Cyr.1.6.2; τὰ π. τινὸς λεγόμενα ib.6.1.42; τὰ π. τῆς τύχης δωρηθέντα the presents of.., Isoc.4.26;

με π. σοῦ σοφίας πληρωθήσεσθαι Pl.Smp. 175e

.

III rarely for παρά c. dat., by, near,

πὰρ ποδός Pi.P.10.62

, 3.60; παρὰ δὲ κυανέων πελαγέων dub. l. in S.Ant. 966 (lyr.);

τὸν Ῥειτὸν τὸν παρὰ τοῦ ἄστεως IG12.81.5

; πολλοὶ παρ' ἀμφοτέρων ἔπιπτον, = ἀμφοτέρωθεν, D.S.19.42.

IV π. τῆς συγχωρήσεώς τινος without his consent, BCH46.337 ([place name] Teos).

B WITH DAT. denoting rest by the side of any person or thing, answering the question where?

I of Places, κατ' ἂρ ἕζετ'.. πὰρ πυρί, ἔκειτο π. σηκῷ, Od.7.154, 9.319;

νέμονται π. πέτρῃ 13.408

;

ἑσταότες παρ ὄχεσφιν Il.8.565

; πὰρ ποσὶ μαρναμένων ἐκυλίνδετο at their feet, 14.411, etc.; π. θύρῃσι at the door, 7.346;

π. ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης 2.773

;

δεῖπνον.. εἵλοντο παρ' ὄχθῃσιν ποταμοῖο Od.6.97

, cf. Il.4.475, 20.53, etc.;

κεῖσθαι παρ' Ἅιδῃ S.OT 972

; παρ' οἴνῳ over wine, ib. 780, etc.

II of persons, beside,

πὰρ δὲ οἷ αὐτῷ εἷσε Θεοκλύμενον Od.15.285

;

κεῖτο παρὰ μνηστῇ ἀλόχῳ Il.9.556

, cf. 6.246, etc.;

παρ' ἀνδράσιν εὐνάζεσθαι Od.5.119

;

δαίνυσθαι π. τινί 8.243

; πὰρ δέ οἱ ἑστήκει stood by him, Il.4.367.

2 at one's house or place, with one,

μένειν π. τισί 9.427

;

θητευέμεν ἄλλῳ, ἀνδρὶ παρ' ἀκλήρῳ Od.11.490

;

φιλέεσθαι π. τινί Il.13.627

; παρ' ἑωυτοῖσι at their own house, Hdt.1.105, cf. 86;

παιδευθῆναι π. τινί X.Cyr.1.2.15

;

καταλύειν π. τινί D.18.82

(but

παρά τινα καταλῦσαι Th.1.136

), etc.: hence οἱ παρ' ἐμοί those of my household, X.Mem.2.7.4, etc.; τὰ παρ' ἐμοί life with me, Id.An. 1.7.4; οἱ παρ' ἡμῖν ἄνθρωποι our people, Pl.Phd. 64b; ἡ παρ' ἡμῖν πολιτεία, ὁ παρ' ὑμῖν δῆμος, D.15.19; ὁ παρ' αὑτῷ βίοτος one's own life, S.OT 612;

τὸ παρ' ἡμῖν πῦρ Pl.Phlb. 29f

;

ὅσος παρ' ὑμῖν ὁ φθόνος φυλάσσεται S.OT 382

;

τὸ παρ' ἡμῖν σῶμα Pl.Phlb. 29f

; also, in one's hands,

τὰ π. τοῖς Ἑλληνοταμίαις ὄντα IG12.91.6

;

ἔχειν παρ' ἑωυτῷ Hdt. 1.130

, etc.; οὔπω παρ' ἐμοὶ τότ' ἦν λέγειν I had no right to speak then, Men.Epit.98.

3 before, in the presence of,

ἤειδε π. μνηστῆρσιν Od. 1.154

; before a judge,

δίκας γίγνεσθαι π. τῷ πολεμάρχῳ IG12.16.9

;

π. Δαρείῳ κριτῇ Hdt.3.160

;

π. τῷ βασιλέϊ Id.4.65

;

παρὰ δικασταῖς Th. 1.73

;

εἰς κρίσιν καθιστάναι τινὰ π. τισί D.18.13

: hence παρ' ἐμοί in my judgement, Hdt.1.32, cf. S.Tr. 589, E.Heracl. 881, 1 Ep.Cor.3.19; π. τούτῳ μέγα δυνήσεται with him, Pl.Grg. 510e.

4 in quoting authors, παρ' Ἐφόρῳ, παρ' Αἰσχίνῃ, π. Θουκυδίδῃ, in Ephorus, etc., Plb. 9.2.4, D.H.Comp.9,18.

III Arc., = π. c. gen., from,

καθὰ εἶχον τὰς ἰντολὰς π. τᾷ ἰδίᾳ πόλι SIG559.9

(Megalop., iii B. C.), cf. 558.10 (Ithaca, iii B. C.).

C WITH ACCUS. in three main senses,

I beside, near, by,

II along,

III past, beyond.

I beside, near, by:

1 with Verbs of coming, going, etc., to the side of, to,

ἴτην π. νῆας Il.1.347

, cf. 8.220, etc.;

βῆ.. π. θῖνα 1.34

, cf. 327, etc.; τρέψας πὰρ ποταμόν to the side of.., 21.603, cf. 3.187: more freq. of persons, εἶμι παρ' Ἥφαιστον to the chamber of H., 18.143, cf. Od.1.285, etc.;

ἐσιόντες π. τοὺς φίλους Th.2.51

, etc.;

φοιτᾶν π. τὸν Σωκράτη Pl.Phd. 59d

; πέμπειν ἀγγέλους, πρέσβεις π. τινά, Hdt. 1.141, Th.1.58, etc.;

ἄγειν π. τινά Hdt.1.86

;

καταφυγὴ π. φίλων τινάς Th.2.17

.

2 with Verbs of rest, beside, near, by, sts. with ref. to past motion (expressed in such phrases as

ἧσο παρ' αὐτὸν ἰοῦσα Il.3.406

, cf. 11.577),

ἔς ῥα θρόνους ἕζοντο παρ' Ἀτρεΐδην Μενέλαον Od.4.51

, cf. 13.372; κεῖται ποταμοῖο παρ' ὄχθας lies stretched beside.., Il.4.487, cf. 12.381; παρ' ἔμ' ἵστασο come and stand by me, 11.314, cf. 592, 20.49, etc.;

π. πυθμέν' ἐλαίης θῆκαν Od.13.122

;

καταθέτω π. τὰ ἴκρια IG12.94.28

; κοιμήσαντο π. πρυμνήσια they lay down by.., Od.12.32, cf. 3.460;

ὁ παρ' ἐμὲ καθήμενος Pl.Euthd. 271b

, cf. Phd. 89b; ἐκάθητο π. τὴν πύλην, π. τὴν ὁδόν, LXX Ge.19.1, Ev.Marc. 10.46;

παρ' αὐτὸν τὸν καλέσαντα κατακείμενος δειπνῆσαι Thphr.Char. 21.2

, cf. Pl.Smp. 175c;

ἐκαθέζετο π. τὸν Λύσιν Id.Ly. 211a

, cf. R. 328c;

στὰς παρ' αὐτόν Id.Phd. 116c

;

τέμενος νεμόμεσθα.. παρ' ὄχθας Il.12.313

, cf. 6.34, IG12.943.45;

τοῦ Εὐρίπου, παρ' ὃν ᾤκει Aeschin.3.90

;

κατελείφθη π. τὸν νηόν Hdt.4.87

;

τὴν παρ' ἐμὲ ἐοῦσαν δύναμιν Id.8.140

.ά (v.l. ἐμοί)

; εἶπεν αὐτῷ μένειν παρ' ἑαυτόν X.Cyr.1.4.18

, cf. An.1.9.31, Ar.Fr. 451, Is.8.16, Alex.248, Demetr.Com. Nov.1.5, IG22.654.23 (iii B. C.), Plb.3.26.1, 11.14.3, 28.14.3;

ἡ π. θάλασσαν Μακεδονία Th.2.99

, cf. S.El. 184 (lyr.), Tr. 636 (lyr.);

Καρβασυανδῆς π. Καῦνον IG12.204.52

;

τὸ κουρεῖον τὸ π. τοὺς Ἑρμᾶς Lys.23.3

, cf. And.1.62, Is.6.20, 8.35, Aeschin. 1.182, 3.88, Lycurg.112;

τᾶς παστάδος τᾶς παρ' Ἀπόλλωνα IG42

(1).109 iii 146 (Epid.); παρ' ὄμμα before one's eyes, E.Supp. 484; π. πόδας on the spot, Phld.Ir.p.78 W., Rh.2.2 S.; immediately thereafter, Plb.1.7.5, 1.8.2, al.

b [dialect] Dor., [dialect] Boeot., and Thess., = supr. B. 11.2, at the house of.., with a person, IG7.3171.7 (Orchom. [dialect] Boeot.), GDI 1717 (Delph.); παρ' ἁμὲ πολυτίματος [ὁ σῖτος] Ar.Ach. 759 (Megar.);

τοῖς κατοικέντεσσι πὰρ ἀμμέ IG9(2).517.18

(Larissa, iii B. C.); τοῖ πὰρ ἀμμὲ πολιτεύματος ib.13;

πεπολιτευκὼρ πὰρ ἁμέ Schwyzer 425.5

(Elis, iii/ii B. C.): so in [dialect] Att., θέμενος π. γυναῖκας depositing with.., Pl. R. 465c.

3 with Verbs of striking, wounding, etc.,

βάλε στῆθος π. μαζόν Il.4.480

, etc.;

τὸν δ' ἕτερον.. κληῗδα παρ' ὦμον πλῆξε 5.146

;

τύψε κατὰ κληῗδα παρ' αὐχένα 21.117

, cf. 4.525, 8.325, etc.;

αἰχμὴ δ' ἐξελύθη παρὰ νείατον ἀνθερεῶνα 5.293

, cf. 17.310; δησάμενος τελαμῶνι π. σφυρόν ib. 290.

4 with Verbs of placing, examining, etc., side by side with..,

ὁ ἔλεγχος π. τὸν ἔλεγχον παραβαλλόμενος Pl.Grg. 475e

, cf. Hp.Mi. 369c, Smp. 214c, R. 348a;

ἐξέτασον παρ' ἄλληλα τὰ σοὶ κἀμοὶ βεβιωμένα D.18.265

;

ἄλλα παρ' ἄλλατιθέμενα.. τῶν χρωμάτων Arist.Mete. 375a24

.

b Geom., παραβάλλειν π. apply an area to (i. e. along) a finite straight line, Euc.1.44, Archim.Aequil.2.1;

π. τὴν δοθεῖσαν αὐτοῦ γραμμὴν παρατείναντα Pl. Men. 87a

; ἡ [εὐθεῖα] παρ' ἣν δύνανται αἱ καταγόμεναι τεταγμένως the line to which are applied the squares of the or dinates, etc., Apollon. Perg.Con.1.11: hence,

c Arith., παραβάλλειν τι π. τι divide by.. (v.

παραβάλλω A.

VII. 2);

μερίζω τι π. τι Dioph.4.33

; ἐπὶ γ π. ί multiply by 3 and divide by 10, PLond.5.1718.2 (vi A. D.).

5 Geom., parallel to.., Democr.155, Arist. Top. 158b31, Archim.Sph. Cyl.1.12, al.

6 metaph. in Gramm., like, as a parody of.., π. τὸ Σοφόκλειον, π. τὰ ἐν Τεύκρῳ Σοφοκλέους, Sch.Ar.Av. 1240, Nu. 584.

b Gramm., of words which differ as compared with other words, π. τὸ τοῦ ἔρωτος ὄνομα σμικρὸν παρηγμένον ἐστίν.. [τὸ ἥρως] Pl.Cra. 398d, cf. 399a, Lg. 654a: hence, derived from.., π. τὸ ἔδαφος, δάπεδον, A.D. Pron.31.16; π. τὸ δρῶ δρᾶμα Sch.A.R.2.624;

σύγκειται [τὸ αὐθέντης] π. τὸ εἷναι.. καὶ π. τὸ αὐτός Phryn.PSp.24

B.

7 generally, of Comparison, alongside of, compared with, usu. implying superiority,

δοκέοντες π. ταῦτα οὐδ' ἂν τοὺς σοφωτάτους ἀνθρώπων Αἰγυπτίους οὐδὲν ἐπεξευρεῖν Hdt.2.160

, cf. 7.20, 103;

ἡλίου ἐκλείψεις αἳ πυκνότεραι π. τὰ ἐκ τοῦ πρὶν χρόνου μνημονευόμενα ξυνέβησαν Th.1.23

, cf. 4.6;

τῶν ἁπάντων ἀπερίοπτοί εἰσι π. τὸ νικᾶν Id.1.41

;

π. τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα ὥσπερ θεοὶ ἄνθρωποι βιοτεύουσι X.Mem.1.4.14

;

φαίνεται π. τὸ ἀλγεινὸν ἡδὺ καὶ π. τὸ ἡδὺ ἀλγεινὸν ἡ ἡσυχία Pl.R. 584a

, cf. Phdr. 236d, La. 183c, al.;

εὐδαίμων μᾶλλον π. πάντας BCH26.332

([place name] Halae);

προετέρει π. πάντας PSI 4.422.34

(iii B. C.): sts. implying inferiority or defect, ἠλάττωσας αὐτὸν βραχύ τι παρ' ἀγγέλους a little lower than the angels, LXX Ps. 8.6; μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ ὑστεροῦσι π. τὸν ἥλιον lag one day behind the sun, Gem.8.19; so perh. παρ' αὐτόν, ὑπὲρ αὐτόν (has passed the ball?) short of him, beyond him, Antiph.234; μέγα τοι ἡμέρα παρ' ἡμέραν γιγνομένη γνώμην ἐξ ὀργῆς μεταστῆσαι one day compared with another is important.., a day's delay makes a difference, Antipho 5.72; τί γὰρ παρ' ἦμαρ ἡμέρα τέρπειν ἔχει προσθεῖσα κἀναθεῖσα τοῦ γε κατθανεῖν; what joy has one day compared with another to offer, since it only brings us nearer to, or farther from, death (which is neither good nor evil)? S.Aj. 475; ὃς μὲν κρίνει (prefers) ἡμέραν παρ' ἡμέραν, ὃς δὲ κρίνει (approves)

πᾶσαν ἡμέραν Ep.Rom.14.5

.

8 with Verbs of estimating, to set at so and so much, hence π. = equivalent to.., ταρβῶ μὴ.. θῆται παρ' οὐδὲν τὰς ἐμὰς ἐπιστολάς set at nought, E.IT 732, cf. A. Ag. 229 (lyr.);

παρ' οὐδὲν ἄγειν S.Ant.35

; π. μικρὸν ἡγεῖσθαι or ποιεῖσθαί τι hold of small account, Isoc.5.79, D.61.51;

παρ' ὀλίγον ποιεῖσθαί τινα X.An.6.6.11

; so with εἶναι, etc., παρ' οὐδέν ἐστι are as nothing, S.OT 983, cf. Ant. 466;

παρ' οὐδὲν αὐταῖς ἦν ἂν ὀλλύναι πόσεις E.Or. 569

;

οὐ π. μέγα ἔσεσθαι τὸ πταῖσμα Arr.An.1.18.6

; so perh. π. σμικρὰ κεχώρηκε have turned out of little account, have amounted to little, Hdt.1.120.

b in Accountancy, without a verb, π. τὴν καταλλαγήν on account of κ., PHib.1.100.4 (iii B. C.).

9 of correspondence, ὀφείλειν στατῆρα π. στατῆρα stater for stater (one to each of two creditors), BCH50.214 (Thasos, v B. C.);

πληγὴν π. πληγὴν ἑκάτερον Ar.Ra. 643

; συνεῖναι ἑκατέρῳ ἡμέραν παρ' ἡμέραν stayed day for day with each, D.59.46; hence of alternation, ποιεῖσθαι ἁγνείας καὶ θυσίας δύο π. δύο, of four priests acting two and two alternately, BGU1198.12 (i B. C.); τοῦ καθημερινοῦ ἢ μίαν π. μίαν (sc. ἡμέραν) [πυρετοῦ] quotidian or tertian fever, ib.956.3 (iii A. D.): sts. without doubling of the Noun, παρ' ἡμέρην, opp. καθ' ἡμέρην, tertian, opp. quotidian, Hp.Aph.1.12; καθ' ἡμέραν, παρ' ἡμέραν, π. δύο, π. τρεῖς every day, every second day, every third (fourth) day, Arr.Epict.2.18.13; π. μίαν every second day, Plb.3.110.4; παρ' ἐνιαυτόν every second year, Plu.Cleom.15; παρ' ἔτος year and year about, Arist.GA 757a7; every second year, Paus.8.15.2; π. μέρος by turns (v. μέρος II. 2);

ὁ ἀνὰ μέρος παρ' ἓξ μῆνας ὑπὲρ γῆν τε καὶ ὑπὸ γῆν γινόμενος Ἄδωνις Corn. ND28

; π. μῆνα τρίτον every third month, Arist.HA 582b4, cf. Plu.2.942e; but π. τρία [ἔτεα] prob. every fourth year, IG5(2).422 ([place name] Phigalea), cf. Arr.Epict. l.c.; ἕνα παρ' ἕνα παραλειπτέον every second one, Nicom.Ar.1.18; ἕνα π. δύο ([etym.] τρεῖς) every third (fourth) one, ibid.; παρὰ δ' ἄλλαν ἄλλα μοῖρα διώκει now one now another, E.Heracl. 611.

10 precisely at the moment of, παρ' αὐτὰ τἀδικήματα flagrante delicto, D.18.13, 21.26;

ἀποδώσω π. τὸν εὔθυνον τὸ καθῆκον IG12.188.31

; π. τοιοῦτον καιρόν, π. τὰς χρείας, D.20.41,46; π. τὰ δεινά in the midst of danger, Plu.Ant.63;

π. τὴν πρώτην γένεσιν Jul.Or.1.10b

; π. τὴν πρώτην (sc. ἐπίθεσιν) at the first attack, Hld.9.2;

π. γε τὴν πρώτην ὁρμήν Ael.NA14.10

.

b distributively, whether of Time, π. τὰ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτεα in each complete period of seventy years, Hdt.1.32;

ἐν ταῖς ὁδοιπορίαις π. στάδια διακόσια.. τοῖς ἑκατὸν σταδίοις διήνεγκαν ἀλλήλων X.Oec.20.18

; πὰρ Ϝέτος each year, every year, Tab.Heracl. 1.101;

π. τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἕκαστον IG12(7).5.14

([place name] Amorgos); παρ' ἆμάρ τε καὶ νύκτα day and night, B.Fr.7; or more generally, πὰρ τὰν ἐλαίαν in respect of each olive plant, Tab.Heracl.1.122; παρ' ἡμέραν αἱ ἀμίαι πολὺ ἐπιδήλως αὐξάνονται from day to day, per day, Arist.HA 571a21;

τὸ παρ' ἑκάστην βάσιν γινόμενον μικρὸν πολὺ γίνεται π. πολλάς Id.Pr. 881b26

;

ἡ παρ' ἡμέραν χάρις D.8.70

;

τὸ παρ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἡδύ Pl. Lg. 705a

.

c παρ' ἆμαρ on (this) day, to-day, τὸ μὲν πὰρ ἆμαρ, τὸ δέ .. to-day and to-morrow, Pi.P.11.63; but παρ' ἦμαρ to-morrow, S. OC 1455 (lyr.).

d throughout a period of time,

π. τὴν ζόην Hdt. 7.46

;

π. τὸν βίον ἅπαντα Pl.Lg. 733a

;

π. πάντα τὸν χρόνον D.18.10

; also more loosely, during, π. τὴν πόσιν while they were drinking, Hdt.2.121.

δ; π. τὸν πότον Aeschin.2.156

;

π. τὴν κύλικα Plu.Ant.24

; π. δεῖπνον or π. τὸ δεῖπνον, Id.2.737a,674f.

II along,

ὄνος παρ' ἄρουραν ἰών Il.11.558

;

βῆ δὲ θέειν π. τεῖχος 12.352

;

π. ῥόον Ὠκεανοῖο ᾔομεν Od. 11.21

;

ἔπλεον π. τὴν ἤπειρον Hdt.7.193

;

π. πᾶσαν τὴν ὁδόν Isoc.4.148

; ὀρθὴν παρ' οἶμον.. τύμβον κατόψει straight along the road, E.Alc. 835;

παρ' ὅλην τὴν φάραγγα Plb.10.30.3

; παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν χαράδραν παραπορευομένων ib.9; for παραβάλλειν π., v. supr. c. 1.4b.

2 strictly according to, without deviating from,

εἶμι π. στάθμην ὀρθὴν ὁδόν Thgn. 945

, cf. S.Fr.474.5; ὠμοί τε δούλοις πάντα καὶ π. στάθμην, i.e. too strict, A.Ag. 1045; π. τὸν λόγον ὃν ἀποφέρουσιν.. ἐπιδείξω I will prove to you strictly according to the accounts which they themselves submit, D.27.34.

III past, beyond,

παρὰ σκοπιὴν καὶ ἐρινεὸν ἠνεμόεντα.. ἐσσεύοντο Il.22.145

, cf. Od.3.172, 24.12;

βῆ δὲ π. Κρουνούς h.Ap. 425

; π. τὴν Βαβυλῶνα παριέναι pass by Babylon, X.Cyr.5.2.29; παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν χύτραν ἄκραν ὁρῶντες looking over the edge of.., Ar.Av. 390.

2 metaph., over and above, in addition to,

οὐκ ἔστι π. ταῦτ' ἄλλα Id.Nu. 698

;

π. ταῦτα πάντα ἕτερόν τι Pl.Phd. 74a

, cf.R. 337d, D.18.139, X.HG 1.5.5; ἑκὼν ἐπόνει π. τοὺς ἄλλους more than the others, Id.Ages.5.3, cf. Mem.4.4.1, Oec.20.16;

ἃ τῷ ῥαψῳδῷ προσήκει καὶ σκοπεῖσθαι καὶ διακρίνειν π. τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους Pl. Ion 539e

.

3 metaph., in excess over, πὰρ δύναμιν beyond one's strength, Il.13.787, cf. Th.1.70, Hyp.Lyc.16, Arist.Rh.Al. 1423b29;

π. τὴν δ. Id.Po. 1451b38

.

4 metaph., in transgression or violation of,

π. μοῖραν Od.14.509

;

π. μοῖραν Δίος Alc.Supp. 14.10

; παρ' αἶσαν, παρὰ δίκαν, Pi.P.8.13, O.2.16, etc.;

π. τὸ δίκαιον Th.5.90

, etc.; π. τὰς σπονδάς, τὸν νόμον, Id.1.67, X.HG1.7.14;

π. φύσιν Th.6.17

, cf. Pl.Lg. 747b; π. τὴν στήλην prob. in IG12.45.20; π. καιρόν out of season, Pi.O.8.24, etc.; π. γνώμαν ib.12.10, cf. A.Supp. 454; π. δόξαν, π. τὸ δοκοῦν ἡμῖν, π. λόγον, Th.3.93, 1.84, Plb.2.38.5; παρ' ἐλπίδα or ἐλπίδας, A.Ag. 899, S.Ant. 392, etc.; πὰρ μέλος out of tune, Pi.N.7.69;

π. τὴν ἀξίαν Th.7.77

, etc.; π. τὸ εἰωθός, τὸ καθεστηκός, Id.4.17, 1.98.

5 π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε κινδύνου, = παρῆλθε τοσοῦτον κινδύνου, passed over so much ground within the sphere of danger, i.e. incurred such imminent peril, Id.3.49, cf. 7.2; in such phrases the tmesis was forgotten, and the acc. came to be governed by παρά, which thus came to mean 'by such and such a margin', ' with so much to spare', ἐνίκησαν π. πολύ, ἡσσηθέντες π. πολύ, Id.1.29, 2.89, cf. Pl. Ap. 36a; παρὰ δ' ὀλίγον ἀπέφυγες only just, E.IT 870 (lyr.);

παρ' ὀλίγον ἢ διέφευγον ἢ ἀπώλλυντο Th.7.71

; δεινότατον π. πολύ by far, Ar.Pl. 445; παρ' ὅσον quatenus, Luc.Nec.17, etc.; π. δύο ψήφους ἀπέφυγε by two votes, Hyp.Eux.28, cf. D.23.205;

π. τέτταρας ψήφους μετέσχε τῆς πόλεως Is.3.37

; π. τοσοῦτον ἐγένετο αὐτῷ μὴ περιπεσεῖν by so much (= little) he missed falling in with.., Th.8.33; π. πέντε ναῦς πλέον ἀνδρὶ ἑκάστῳ ἢ τρεῖς ὀβολοὶ ὡμολογήθησαν ib.29; οὐ π. μικρὸν ἐποίησαν they made no little difference, Isoc.4.59.

b in phrases like π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε κινδύνου, τοσοῦτον was sts. understood of the interval from danger, etc., and παρά came to mean 'by so much short of' (

τὸ π. μικρὸν ὥσπερ οὐδὲν ἀπέχειν δοκεῖ Arist.Ph. 197a29

), within such and such a distance of, so near to, τὴν Ἠϊόνα π. νύκτα ἐγένετο (sc. αὐτῷ) λαβεῖν he was within one night of taking E., Th.4.106; π. μικρὸν ἦλθον ἀποθανεῖν I came within a little of.., Isoc. 19.22, cf. Plb.1.43.7, Plu. Caes. 39; παρ' ἐλάχιστον ἦλθε.. ἀφελέσθαι was within an ace of taking away, Th.8.76; παρ' οὐδὲν μὲν ἦλθον ἀποκτεῖναι (were within a mere nothing, within an ace of killing him),

ἐξεκήρυξαν δ' ἐκ πόλεως Aeschin. 3.258

, cf. Plu.Pyrrh. 14, Alex.62; π. τοσοῦτον ἦλθε διαφυγεῖν so near he came to escaping, Luc.Cat.4;

παρὰ ἓν πάλαισμα ἔδραμε νικᾶν Ὀλυμπιάδα Hdt.9.33

;

παρ' οὐδὲν ἐλθόντες τοῦ ἀποβαλεῖν Plb.1.45.14

, cf. 2.55.4, D.S.17.42: hence without ἐγένετο or ἐλθεῖν, π. μίαν μονάδα (less) by one, i.e. less one, Nicom.Ar.1.8; τεσσαράκοντα π. μίαν, = 39, 2 Ep.Cor.11.24; παρ' ἕνα τοσοῦτοι the same number less one, Plu. Publ.9; σύ μοι παρ' ἕνα ἥκεις ἄγων you have brought me one too few, Luc.Cat.4;

δύναται π. δύο συλλαβὰς εἶναι τὸ καταληκτόν Heph.4.2

; τὰ ὁλοκόττινα ηὑρέθησαν π. ἑπτὰ κεράτια seven carats short, PMasp.70.2 (vi A. D.); πάντες παρ' ἕνα, πάντες παρ' ὀλίγους, all save one (a few), Plu.Cat.Mi.20, Ant.5;

ἔτη δύο π. ἡμέρας δύο IG5(1).801

([place name] Laconia); of one Μάρκος, θηρίον εἶ π. γράμμα you are a bear ([etym.] ἄρκος) all but a letter, AP11.231 (Ammian.); ὡς π. τι καὶ τὰς ὄψεις ἀφανίσαι so that he all but (lit. less something) lost his sight, Vett.Val.228.6; π. τι βυθίζεσθαι v.l. in Ev.Luc.5.7; τὸ π. τοῦτο the figure less that, i.e. the remainder or difference, PTeb.99.10 (ii B. C.), cf. POxy.264.4 (i A. D.), PAmh.2.148.5 (v A. D.); hence of any difference whether of excess or defect, οὐδὲν π. τοῦτο ποιούμενοι τοὺς.. Λευκανούς τε καὶ τοὺς.. Σαυνίτας making no difference between.., Str.6.1.3, cf. 14.5.11, Plu.2.24c.

6 hence of the margin by which anything increases or decreases, and so of the cause according to which anything comes into existence or varies,

τὸ εὖ π. μικρὸν διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν γίνεται Polyclit.2

(cf. μικρός III. 5 c); διαφέρει π. τὰς τῶν παθημάτων ἐναντιώσεις according to.., Arist.HA 486b5;

μεταπίπτει π. τὰ κλίματα Gem. 5.29

, cf. 11.5, al.; π. τὰ πράγματα cj. in Apollod.Car.11.

7 more generally of the margin by which an event occurs, i.e. of the necessary and sufficient cause or motive (

τὸ μὴ π. τοῦτο γίνεσθαι τότε λέγομεν, ὅταν ἀναιρεθέντος τούτου μηδὲν ἧττον περαίνηται ὁ συλλογισμός Arist.APr. 65b6

, cf. 48a24, al.), κεινὰν π. δίαιταν just for the sake of unsatisfying food, Pi.O.2.65; ἕκαστος οὐ π. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀμέλειαν οἴεται βλάψειν each thinks that his own negligence will not suffice to cause injury, Th.1.141, cf. Isoc.3.48; π. τὴν αὑτοῦ ἁμαρτίαν all through his own fault, Antipho 3.4.5, cf. Isoc.6.52, D.4.11, 18.232; πολλὰ.. ἐστιν αἴτια τούτων, καὶ οὐ παρ' ἓν οὐδὲ δύ' εἰς τοῦτο τὰ πράγματ' ἀφῖκται not from one or two causes only, Id.9.2; οὐ π. τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι it does not follow that it is not.., 1 Ep.Cor.12.15; π. τὸ τὴν ἀρίθμησιν ποιήσασθαι ἐξ ἑτοίμου τοὺς ἐργώνας οὐκ ὀλίγα χρήματα περιεποίησε τῇ πόλει by the simple fact of prompt payment, IPE12.32B35 (Olbia, iii B. C.);

οὐδὲν ἂν παρ' ἕνα ἄνθρωπον ἐγένετο τούτων Lycurg.63

, cf. Plb.3.103.2, 18.28.6, al.; οὐδεὶς παρ' ἑαυτόν ἐστι βασιλεύς thanks to himself alone, Aristeas 224;

παρ' αὑτὸν ἀτυχεῖ Arr.Epict.3.24.2

, cf. Phld.Rh.2.16 S.;

παρ' ἡμᾶς ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀπόστασις Hierocl. in CA25p.477M.

; εἶναι π. τοῦτο σωτηρίαν τε πόλει καὶ τοὐναντίον, i.e. on this depends.., Pl.Lg. 715d, cf. X.Eq.Mag.1.5, D.C.Fr.36.5;

π. μίαν ἡμέραν καὶ ἓν πρᾶγμα καὶ ἀπόλλυται προκοπὴ καὶ σῴζεται Epict.Ench.51.2

; π. τὸ Ἕλληνά με εἶναι just because I am a Greek, UPZ7.13 (ii B. C.);

π. τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν αὐτήν LXX Ge.29.20

, cf. Ex.14.11; later more loosely, because of.., Phld.Rh.1.158 S., Gem.6.24, etc.; οὐδὲν π. σὲ γέγονε it is no fault of yours, PRyl.243.6 (ii A. D.), cf. POxy.1420.7 (ii A. D.).

8 of a limit of possibility,

εἴπερ ἐνεδέχετο π. τοὺς παρόντας καιρούς D.18.239

; πεῖσαι τό γε παρ' αὑτόν to persuade (the judges) so far as in you lies, Arr.Epict.2.2.20; οἴμωζε παρ' ἐμέ as far as I am concerned, for all I care, Ar.Av. 846.

D POSITION: παρά may follow its Subst. in all three cases, but then becomes by anastrophe πάρα: when the ult. is elided, the practice varies,

τῇσι παρ' Il.18.400

; but Ἡφαίστοιο πάρ' ib. 191.

E παρά abs., as ADV., near, together, Il.1.611, al., E.IA 201 (lyr.).

F πάρα (with anastrophe) stands for πάρεστι and πάρεισι, Il.1.174, Hes.Op. 454, A.Pers. 167, Hdt.1.42, al., S.El. 285, Ar.Ach. 862, etc.

G IN COMPOS.,

I alongside of, beside, of rest, παράκειμαι, παράλληλοι, παρέζομαι, πάρειμι (εἰμί), παρίστημι; of motion, παραπλέω, πάρειμι ([etym.] εἶμι).

II to the side of, to, παραδίδωμι, παρέχω.

III to one side of, by, past, παρέρχομαι, παροίχομαι, παραπέμπω, παρακμάζω, παρατρέχω.

IV metaph.,

1 aside or beyond, i.e. amiss, wrong, παραβαίνω, παράγω, παροράω, παρορκέω, παρακούω, παραγιγνώσκω.

2 of comparison, as in παραβάλλω, παρατίθημι.

3 of alteration or change, as in παραλλάσσω, παραπείθω, παραπλάσσω, παρατεκταίνω, παραυδάω, παράφημι.

4 of a side-issue, παραπόλλυμι. (Cogn. with Goth. faúr 'along', Lat. por-.)

ἀνακᾰλυπτήρια, τά,

A festival of unveiling, when the bride first took off her maiden veil, and received presents from the bridegroom, Poll.3.36, cf. Timae.149, Hsch.s. v.sq.

II the presents themselves, subject of a speech attributed to Lysias, Theon Prog.2: in sg., Plu. Tim.8.

III revelations, Ph.1.358.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `scrape, scratch', only with prefix, δια-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, κατα-κναίω (Hp., Trag. in lyr., Att.);

Other forms: also as simplex, Att. inf. κνῆ-ν, κνῆ-σθαι, 1. a. 3. sg. pres. κνῶ, κνῃ̃, ipf. ἐπὶ... κνῆ (Λ 639), also κνᾶ-ν (Hdt.), κνᾶ-σθαι, κνᾳ̃ (hell.); further κνήθω, also with κατα-, ἐν-, ἐπι- a. o. (Arist., hell.). Non-pres. forms: 1. - κναῖσαι, - κναισθῆναι, - κναίσω, - κεκναισμένος (Ar., E. in lyr., Pl.,Theoc.); more usual (as simpl. a. comp.) 2. κνῆσαι, Dor. opt. midd. (Theoc.) κνάσαιο, κνησθῆναι, κνήσω, κέκνησμαι (IA.).

Derivatives: Action nouns: 1. κνῆσις `scratching, tickling' (Pl.) with κνησιάω `desire to tickle' (Ar., Pl.), also κνηστιάω `id.' (Gal., Jul.; after the verbs in - τιάω) and κνηθιάω `id.' (Hdn., EM; after κνήθω, cf. Schwyzer 732). 2. κνῆσμα (rarely κνῆμα) `id.' (Hp., X.); 3. κνησμονή `id.' (medic.; πῆμα: πημονή etc.); 4. κνησμός `id.' (Hp., Arist.) with κνησμώδης `affected with itching' (Hp., Arist., Str.). 5. κνηθμός `itching' (Nic.). - Agent nouns and instruments: 6. κνῆστις f. (from *κνήστης m.) `knife for scratching, cheese-grater' (Λ 640, Nic., Opp.), also `spine' (κ 161; cf. ἄκνηστις s.v.); diff. on κνῆστις z. B. Fraenkel Glotta 4, 41ff., Benveniste Noms d'agent 77; 7. κνηστήρ `scratching knife' (Nic.). 8. κνηστίς -ίδος f. `hollow hair-pin' (Plu.). 9. κνῆστρον `stinging plant, Daphne oleoides, θυμελαία' (Hp., Dsc.); κνηστρίον `scraper', ( Edict. Diocl.). - Adj. 10. κνηστικός `scratching, itching' (Sch.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Of the presents κναίειν, κνῆν, κνήθειν the last can be an innovation to κνῆ-σαι etc. after πλῆ-σαι: πλή-θ-ω, λῆ-σαι: λήθ-ω a. o. The pair κνῆν: κναίειν agrees with the semantically close ψῆν: ψαίειν. - One compares several words with initial IE. * k(e)n- but with different forms, which is not surprising in view of the emotional value of expressions for `scratch, grate'. With κνῆ-ν (prob. orig. athematic; Schwyzer 675f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 297 a. 307) from IE. * knē- agree best in Baltic and Germanic Lith. kn(i)ó-tis `peek (oneself) off, get loose', OHG nuoen `make smooth by scratching, fit exactly' (with OHG hnuo `joint, groove' etc.) from IE. * knō-? (cf. κνώ-δ-αλον?), perh. * knā- as in Alb. krromë `scab, mange' form IE. *knā-mn̥ (Gr. κνῆμα is independent). Lat. cnāsonas however, acc. pl. `scratching nails' (Paul. Fest. 52) from hell. *κνά̄σων `scratcher' ( κνᾶσαι ὀλέσαι, λυπῆσαι H.); cf. Leumann Sprache 1, 207. - The - αι- in κναίω however has no direct counterpart (Lith. knaisýti is secondary to knìsti `scratch', s. κνίζω). Connecting κνῆ-ν and κναί-ειν to an old paradigma (* knē[i]-mi: knǝi-mé (Schwyzer 676; cf. Specht Ursprung 325; the last form is impossible since the laryngeal theory) is quite hypothetical. - Cf. κνίζω, κνύω, κνάπτω; κνώδαλον, κνήφη, κνέωρος and κόνις; s. Pok. 559ff., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. knablỹs. - Strangely enough it has not been proposed that the words could well be Pre-Greek; the meaning makes this quite possible; the connections in Pok. 599 are far from convincing. Cf. also κναδάλλεται κνήθεται H., with which compare γνάφαλλον, γνόφαλον, which are clearly Pre-Greek (s.s.v. κνάπτω); is κναδ- a variant of κνηθ-? For κναδ- no PIE prefrom can be reconstructed (cf. on γνάθος). Note that Kuiper assumed that words with kn- in Germanic were prob. substrate, NOWELE 25 (1995) 68 a.70. The formation of κνήσων (and the Latin loan cnāsōn- cited above) seems non-IE; cf. DELG s.v. Also the formation of a verb in - αίω is unknown.

See also: - S. noch κνέωρος, κνήφη.

Page in Frisk: 1,880-881

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to duck (for fright)'; aor. 1. rarely trans. `to frighten, to drive away' ([Ξ 40], Thgn.), (ΙΑ.; Schwyzer 716).

Other forms: also πτώσσω (ep. poet. Il.), Aeol. πτάζω (Alc.?), fut. πτήξω (Att.), aor. 1. πτῆξαι (Il.), Dor. πτᾶξαι (Pi. a.o.), aor. 2. ptc. κατα-πτᾰκών (A. Eu. 252), perf. ἔπτηχα (Att. etc.), ἔπτηκα (LXX [v. l. - χα], late); also ep. forms ptc. perf. πεπτηώς (Β 312, ξ 354 a.o.), aor. 3. du. κατα-πτήτην (Θ 136).

Compounds: Also w. prefix, esp. κατα- and ὑπο-.

Derivatives: πτῆξις f. `fright' (LXX) and the expressive enlargement πτωσκάζω `to duck, to have fear' (Δ 372) after the close ἀλυσκάζω (: ἀλύσκω, ἀλύσσω), ἠλασκάζω; perh. from *πτώσκω; the v. l. πτωκάζω after πτώξ. Cf. Schwyzer 708, Chantraine Rev. de phil. 57, 125, Gramm. hom. 1, 338.

Origin: IE [Indo-European](X) [825] * pteh₂-k- `duck (away), shy'

Etymology: The presents πτήσσω (with πτῆξαι etc.), πτώσσω go back on *πτᾱκ-ι̯ω, *πτωκ-ι̯ω (\< * ptoh₂k-; Aeol. πτάζω is an innovation; Schwyzer 715); to this the zero grade πτᾰκ-ών. In nominal function we find these stems in πτώξ and (acc.) πτάκ-α; s. vv., also πτωχός. The formantic character of the velar appears from ep. πε-πτη-ώς, κατα-πτή-την, which form at the same time a bridge to πέ-πτω-κα, πτῶ-σις (s. πίπτω) and to πτᾰ́-σθαι (s. πέτομαι). Semant. this combination ('fall, sink down' \> `squat') seems not to provide a serious difficulty (diff. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 428). A further cognate is πτοέω, s. v. -- If the comparison with Arm. t`ak`-čim, t`ak`-eay `hide oneself' (Pedersen KZ 39, 342 f. w. n.) is correct, the velar enlargement is inherited. On Arm. s. Clackson 1994, 169f. -- WP. 2, 19f., Pok. 825; older lit. in Bq. -- So an IE * pteh₂-k-, with * ptoh₂-k-, is perhaps not impossible; but Hackstein ( Glotta 70, 1992) 136-165 rejects a root of this shape, and it is indeed remarkable. Note futher πτωχός and πτοέω, which are also rather strange. Photius gives πτεκάς πτάξ.

Page in Frisk: 2,613-614

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `roll, turn, wind, revolve' (most hell.).

Other forms: ἴλλω, εἴλλω (Att.; s. below). The non-present forms, which are most compounds, are based on the presents: εἰλῆσαι, εἰλήσω, εἴληκα etc.; from ἴλλω only ἰλλάμην (IG 5 (2): 472, 11; Megalopolis II-III^p).

Compounds: Often with prefix, esp. ἐν-, περι-ειλέω (X., hell.), -( ε)ίλλω (Th. 2, 76; codd. Ar. Ra. 1066), also ἀπ-, δι-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-, κατ-, παρ-ειλέω (hell.), ἐξ-, κατ-ίλλω (X., Hp.).

Derivatives: From εἰλέω: εἰλεός (s. v.; sec. adapted?); ( ἐν-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-, κατ-, περι-)εἴλησις `winding etc.' (Pl.), ( ἐν-, περι-) εἴλημα `id.' (J., Poll.); εἰλετίας kind of reed (Thphr.), εἰλητάριον `winding, roll' (Aët.), εἰληδόν adv. `in windings' (AP). From ἴλλω: ἰλλός `looking aslant' (s. v.) with many derivations; ἰλλάς f. `snare, knot' (Ν 572; Chantr. Form. 351) with ἰλλίζει δεσμεύει, συστρέφει, ἀγελάζει H. (also to 1. ἴλλω); unclear ἰλλάδας γονάς ++ ἀγελειὰς καὶ συστροφάς H. (S. Fr. 70 and E. Fr. 837); prob. to 1. - Here also several nouns that have formally been separated from the verb: s. ἕλιξ, εἶλιγξ, ἕλμις, ἑλένη, εὑλή, εὔληρα, λῶμα, ὅλμος, οὖλος a. o.; further ἀλινδέω, also αἰόλος; lastly the u-enlarged εἰλύω with many derivatives (s. v.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1140] *u̯el- `turn, wind, revolve'

Etymology: Like 1. εἰλέω, ( ἐ)ίλλω `press' also εἰλέω, ἴλλω `turn' continue a n-present *Ϝελ-νέω, resp. a reduplicated *Ϝί-Ϝλ-ω. The formal falling together led often also to semantic coincidence; so for A. R. ἰλλόμενος in 2, 27 λέων... ἰλλόμενός περ ὁμίλῳ, also when originally not `surrounded', but `pressed', identical with the formally identical ptc. in 1, 129 δεσμοῖς ἰλλόμενος. - Also in the other languages there are many words that go back on the flexible notion `turn, wind, revolve' etc.; cf. e.g. OIr. fillim `turn, bend', if with Pedersen Vergl. Gramm. d. kelt. Spr. 2, 522 an n-present (but hardly Lith. veliù, vélti `confuse hair(s)' (= εἴλλω?; s. on 1.). A special group are the u-enlargements, s. on εἰλύω. Further cf. Arm. glem `roll, throw down', which may continue *u̯ēl- or *u̯ōl-ei̯ō (Meillet MSL 8, 163; 9, 144; uncertain Skt. valati, -te (class.) `turn', s. Tedesco JournAmOrSoc. 67, 100ff. - See Solmsen Unt. 229ff.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `bind'.

Other forms: Aeol. etc. δίδημι (s. below), aor. δῆσαι, perf. Med. δέδεμαι (Il.), with δέδεκα (Att.), aor. pass. δεθῆναι (Att.)

Compounds: Often with prefix ἀνα-, κατα-, ὑπο-, συν- etc.

Derivatives: - δημα (as simplex [= Skt. dā́man-, s. below] only sch. A. R. 2, 535) esp. in ὑπόδημα `shoe, sandal' (Od.) with ὑποδημάτιον (Hp.), ὑποδηματάριος `shoemaker' (Hypata II^p), διάδημα `band, diadem' (X.) with διαδηματίζομαι (Aq.); sec. zero grade in δέμα (Plb.). δεσμός, pl. also δεσμά, δέσματα `band, fetter' (Il.; on σμ- Schwyzer 493 and Chantraine 140f.) with several deriv: δέσμιος `fettered' (trag.), δεσμίης μαστιγίας, ὅς ἄξιός ἐστι δεσμῶν H., δεσμίς (Hp.), δεσμίδιον (Dsc.), δεσμάτιον (Sch.), δεσμώματα pl. `fetters' (A.); δεσμώτης `prisoner' and δεσμωτήριον `prison' (Ion.-Att.); denomin. δεσμεύω `bind, fetter' (Hes.) with rare δεσμευτής (Sch.), δεσμευτικός (Pl.), δεσμευτήριον (pap.), δέσμευσις (pap.); δεσμέω `id.' (hell. and late) with δέσμημα (Tz.); - ἀναδέσμη `band for the hair of women' (Χ 469), δέσμη `bundle' (Att.). δέσις `binding etc.' (Pl.), esp. ὑπό-δεσις `binding of shoes, sandals' (Ion.- Att.). δεταί pl. `torch, fire' (Λ 554, Ar. V. 1361, H.); rather verbal noun `binding, bundle' than from δετός (Opp.); dimin. δετίς (Gal.). δητοί pl. `bundle' ( Sammelb. 1, 5, III<sup>p</sup>). - δετήρ, - δέτης in ἀμαλλο-δετῆρες `binder of sheaves' (Σ 553, 554; s. Chantr. Form. 323; right in) ἀμαλλο-δέται (Theok., AP) as ἱππο-δέτης (S.), κηρο-δέτας (E. in lyr.). δέμνια, κρήδεμνα s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [183] * d(e)h₁- `bind'

Etymology: Directly agree δετός ( διά-δετος A., δετός Opp.) and Skt. ditá- `bound' as well as δῆμα ( ὑπό-δημα etc.; s. above) and Skt. dā́man- `band'. Of the presents δίδημι (Λ 105) is prob. an innovation to δήσω, δῆσαι etc. after θήσω: τίθημι. The ε-vowel in δέω, δέσις, δετός etc. like that in τί-θε-μεν, θέσις etc. must be the zero grade dh₁- beside dē- in δήσω etc.; (the Skt. pres. - dyati (ā́-dyati) `bind' from *dh₁-i̯e-ti.).

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `gift, present' (Il.).

Compounds: δωρο-δόκος `accepting presents, corruptible' (s. on δέχομαι) beside δωροδοκέω `accept presents, be corruptible' (Ion.-Att.) with δωροδόκημα, δωροδοκία `corruption'.

Derivatives: Demin. δωρύφιον (pap.). Denomin. δωρέομαι, δωρέω `give presents' (Il.; on the diathesis Schwyzer-Debrunner 234) with δώρημα `present' (Hdt.) and δωρηματικός (D. H.), δωρητής `well-doer' (Nesos IV<sup>a</sup>) and δωρητικός (Pl.), δωρητήρ `id.' (AP), δωρητός `prepared to accept presents' (Ι 526), `presented' (S.). - Also δωρύττομαι (Theoc. 7, 43; joking momentary formation; Debrunner IF 2 1, 242f.); also Thess. δούρραντα = δωρήσαντα like hom. φίλατο beside φιλεῖν (Fraenkel Glotta 35, 91f.)? - Beside δῶρον and δωρέομαι with unclear formation δωρεά, older (Attica V^a) - ειά, Ion. - εή `gift, present' (Hdt.); from there δωρεακός `official of an estate' (pap. III^a), δωρεαστικός, - ρετικός `regarding presents' (pap. VI^p).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [223] * deh₃- `give'

Etymology: Old word, identical with Arm. tur, OCS darъ `gift'. With n-suffix Lat. dōnum = Skr. dā́nam. - Further s. δίδωμι.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `mix, mix up' esp. of wine with water, `temper' (of the climate etc.) (Com., Hyp.)

Other forms: also κεραννύω (Com., Hyp.), κεραίω (Ι 203, Delph. V^a), κεράω (Od.; subj. κέρωνται Δ 260), κίρνημι, - νάω (Od.), aor. κεράσ(σ)αι (Il.), also ( ἐπι-)κρῆσαι (η 164, Hp.), pass. κρᾱθῆναι, κρηθῆναι (IA), also κερασθῆναι (Att.), perf. med. κέκρᾱμαι, - κρη- (Sapph., Pi., IA), also κεκέρασμαι (Arist.), fut. κερῶ (Att.), κεράσω (Them.), pass. κρᾱθήσομαι (Att.),

Dialectal forms: Myc. karatera

Compounds: also with prefix, esp. συν-

Derivatives: A. Of κρᾱ- ( κρη-): 1. κρᾶσις, κρῆσις ( σύγκρ. etc.) `mix' (IA) with *κρᾱσίον \> ModGr. κρασί `wine' (Kretschmer Glotta 15, 64f., Hatzidakis ib. 139f.; on the meaning of κρᾶσις s. Den Dulk Κρᾶσις. Bijdrage tot de Grieksche Lexicographie. Diss. Leiden 1934). 2. κρᾶμα (rarely also κράμμα after βάμμα a. o.), Ion. κρῆμα `mix, alloy', also `mixed wine' (Ion. hell.) with κραμάτιον (Dsc.) and κραμ(μ)άτινος `consisting of an alloy' (pap.). 3. κρᾱτήρ, κρητήρ m. "mixer", `mixing bowl', also metaph., `Krater' (Il.; on the meaning Brommer Herm. 77, 359 a. 366) with κρατηρία `id.' (Dsc.; Scheller Oxytonierung 54) and the diminutiva κρατήριον, κρη- (Hp.), κρατηρ-ίδιον (Boeot., J.), - ίσκος (Delos III^a, Ath.); κρατηρίζω "drink a bowl", `intoxicate oneself' (Sophr., D.; cf. Wackernagel Glotta 14, 52f. = Kl. Schr. 2, 860f.). 4. compounds like ἄ-κρᾱ-τος (- η-) `unmixed' (Il.), αὑτο-κρη-ής "mixed with itself", i. e. `unmixed' (Nic. Al. 163), αὑτό-κρας `id.' (Poll.). - B. Of κερᾰ-: κατα-κέρασις `mixing (with water)' (Arist.), κέρασμα `id.' (hell.), συγ-κερασμός `id.' (gloss.), κεραστός ( εὑ-, ἐγ-κέρ.) `mixed' (D. H., Plu., APl.), κεραστής `mixer' (Orph.), ἐπι-, κατα-κεραστικός `causing a (real) mix' (medic.), μετά-κερας adj. n. `tempered, lukewarm' (Com.), αὑτό-κερας, also as adv. `unmixed' (Poll., Phryn.; cf. αὑτοκρηής). S. also on 2. ἀκήρατος. In the meaning `unxed' ( οἶνος; Dsc. 5, 6, 10) ἀκέραιος is a reinterpretation of ἀκέραιος `undamaged'; s. on 1. ἀκήρατος.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [582] *ḱerh₂- `mix;

Etymology: With the verbal adjective (ἄ)-κρᾱτος agrees Skt ptc. ā́-śīr-ta- `mixed'; both Gr. κρᾱ-, κρη- and Skt. śīr- represent the zero grade of a disyll. root. This root is seen in κερά-σαι (beside analogical κεράσ-σαι); (there is no Skt. *á-śari-ṣam). Nasal presents are Skt. śrī-ṇā́-ti and κίρ-νη-μι; both forms however are renewed or reshaped. An IE. *ḱr-nā-ti should have been Skt. *śr̥-ṇā́-ti (seen in the homonymous word for `break'), and Gr. *κάρ-νη-σι; the ι in κίρνημι is rather innovation after the reduplicating presents τίθημι, γίγνομαι etc. than old reduced grade. - To old κερά-σαι came the innovations κεραίω, κεράω, κεράννυμι (Schwyzer 676, 681, 697) just like κερῶ, κεράσω, κερασθῆναι, κεκέρασμαι (both with analogical σ); old(er) were κρᾱ-θῆναι, κέ-κρᾱ-μαι (like βλη-θῆναι, βέ-βλη-μαι a. o.). - Another system is provided by Oldiranian in the also semantically deviating Av. sar- `unite' (which must perhaps be separated; Gonda Acta Or. 14, 201; s. also Wackernagel-Debrunner KZ 67, 174 = Kl. Schr. 1, 390) - Further Pok. 582.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `cloth, put on' (Il.).

Other forms: Ion. εἵνυμι, - μαι, impf. κατα-είνυον Ψ 135 (v. l. - νυσαν, - λυον; cf. εἰλύω), aor. ἕσ(σ)αι, - ασθαι, fut. ἕσ(σ)ω, - ομαι, Att. ἀμφιῶ, - οῦμαι, perf. med. εἷμαι, ἕσσαι, εἷται or ἕσται, εἱμένος, plupef.. ἕστο, ἕεστο (Il.; cf. below), Att. ἠμφίεομαι, ἠμφιεσμένος, poet. ἀμφεμμένος, aor. pass. ptc. ἀμφιεσθείς (Hdn.)

Compounds: Often with preverb, esp. ἀμφι- (always in Attic); also ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, ἀπαμφι- etc. New presents: ἀμφι-έζω, ἀμφιάζω (s. v.).

Derivatives: ἑανός name of a womans cloth s. v. εἵματα pl. (rarely sg.) `clothes, cover' (Il.), Aeol. (Ϝ)έμματα ( γέμματα ἱμάτια H.), Cret. Ϝῆμα ( γῆμα ἱμάτιον H.), also gen. sg. Ϝήμας, of Ϝήμᾱ f. (cf. γνῶμα ἕννυμι γνώμη a. o.); often as 2. member, e. g. εὑ-, κακοείμων. Diminut. εἱμάτια pl., Att. ἱμάτια, - ιον (s. v.), with ἱματίδιον, - ιδάριον, ἱματίζω, ἱματισμός. ἔσθος n. `clothes, dress' (Ω 94, Ar. [lyr. u. dor.]), formation like ἄχθος, πλῆθος etc. (Schwyzer 511, Benveniste Origines 199); denomin. perfect ἤσθημαι, mostly in ptc. ἠσθημένος (ἐ-) `clothed' (Ion.) with ἐσθήματα pl. `clothes' (trag., Th.), ἐσθήσεις `id.' (Ath.); cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 106f. More usual than ἔσθος is ἐσθής (Pi. ἐσθάς), - ῆτος f. `id.' (Od.); explan. by Brugmann Grundr.² 2: 1, 527, Schwyzer IF 30, 443; lengthened dat. pl. ἐσθήσεσι (hell.). γέστρα (= Ϝέστρα; cod. γεστία, s. below) ἔνδυσις, στολή, ἱμάτια H.; s. Latte; to ἐφ- resp. ἀμφι-έννυμι: ἐφεστρίς f. `upper garment, coat' (X.), ἀμφι-εστρίς f. `coat, sleeping garment' (Poll.); on the formation Schwyzer 465, Chantr. Form. 338. From ἀμφι-έννυμι further ἀμφίεσμα (Ion.-Att.), - ίεσις (Sch.), - ιεσμός (D. H. 8, 62; v. l. - ιασμός, from ἀμφιάζω).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1172] *u̯es- `cloth'

Etymology: The present ἕννυμι, εἵνυμι \< *Ϝέσ-νυ-μι (Att. - νν- from restored - σν-, Schwyzer 284, 312, 322, Lejeune Traité de phon. 105) is identical with Arm. z-genum `put on' (aor. z-ge-c̣ay, med.). Beside this nu-present an athem. rootpresent in Indoiranian and Hittite, Skt. vás-te `clothes himself', Hitt. impv. act. 2. pl. u̯eš-ten, ind. pres. med. 3. sg. u̯eš-ta. Exactly parallel are the perfekt forms εἷμαι \< *Ϝέσ-μαι, with analog. εἷται, 2. sg. ἕσ-σαι (Od.), 3. sg. ἐπί-εσται (Hdt. 1, 47, = aind. vás-te); perh. these are reinterpreted (ptc. εἱμένος) old presents; see Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 297, Schwyzer 767. One the σ-aorist cf. Toch. B pret. wässāte `he put on' and Pedersen 106. - The nominal derivv. can be old: ἑανός m.: Skt. vás-ana-m n. `cloth'; εἷμα = Skt. vás-man- n. `cloth'; Ϝέστρᾱ: Skt. vás-tra-m n. `id.', MHG wes-ter `christening robe'. Greek does not have (except uncertain γεστία, s. above) the normal t-deriv. in Lat. ves-ti-s, Arm. zges-t (instr. zgest-u, u-stem), Goth. wasti, Toch. B was-tsi (prop. inf.). - See Ernout-Meillet s. vestis. The idea that IE. u̯es- `cloth' is a deriv. of eu- (* h₁eu-) `put on' in Lat. ind-uō etc.is impossible because of the h₁-.

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δῶρον, τό, ([etym.] δίδωμι)

A gift, present, gift of honour,

ἀγλαὰ δ. Il.1.213

, etc.; votive gift or offering to a god,

φέρε δῶρον Ἀθήνῃ 6.293

, cf. LXX Ge.4.4, Ev.Marc.7.11;

βωμοὶ δώροισι φλέγονται A.Ag.91

; ποῦ μοι τὰ.. δ. κἀκροθίνια; Id.Fr. 184; δῶρά τινος the gifts of, i. e. given by, him,

θεῶν ἐρικυδέα δ. Il.20.265

, cf. Od. 18.142; δῶρ' Ἀφροδίτης, i.e. personal charms, Il.3.54,64;

δ. Κύπριδος E.Hel. 363

(lyr.); δ. τῶν Μουσῶν καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος, of μουσική, Pl.Lg. 796e: c. gen. rei, ὕπνου δ. the blessing of sleep, Il.7.482; δῶρα presents given as tribute, 17.225; δῶρον τοῦ ποταμοῦ, of the land of Egypt, Hdt.2.5.

2 δῶρα presents, as retaining fees or bribes, D.18.109, Jusj.ib.24.150, Arist.Ath.55.5, SIG953.7 ([place name] Calymna), etc. (the usual sense of the word in [dialect] Att. Oratt.): hence in [dialect] Att. law, δώρων γραφή an indictment for being bribed, Aeschin.3.232, etc., cf. Harp.; δώρων κριθῆναι to be tried for taking bribes, Lys.27.3; δώρων ἑλεῖν τινα to convict him of taking bribes, Ar. Nu. 591; δ. ὀφλεῖν to be found guilty of taking bribes, And.1.74;

δώρων δίωξις Plu.Per.32

.

3 in pl., good qualities, talents,

τὰ βασιλέως δ. Lib.Ep.19

.

II front part of palm, Poll.2.144.

2 hand's breadth, palm, as a measure of length, Nic.Th. 398, Vitr.2.3.3, Milet. 7.57 ([place name] Didyma); cf. δεκάδωρος.

ὀπτ-ήρια (sc. δῶρα), τά,

A presents made by the bridegroom on seeing the bride without the veil, = ἀνακαλυπτήρια, θεώρητρα, Poll.2.59,3.36, Hsch.

2 generally, presents upon seeing or for the sight of a person,

παιδὸς ὀ. E. Ion 1127

, cf. Call. Dian.74 ; προσβάλλων ἀκοαῖς ὀ. θυμοῦ Aspasia ap.Ath.5.219d.

φερν-ή, ἡ, ([etym.] φέρω):—

A that which is brought by the wife, dowry, Hdt.1.93, E.IA47 (anap.), Hipp. 629, X.Cyr.8.5.19, Aeschin.2.31, OGI218.65 (Ilium, iii B. C.), etc.; θεραποντὶς φ. a dowry of handmaids, i.e. given as a dowry, A.Supp. 979 (anap.); pl., of a dower, as consisting of divers presents, E.Or. 1662, Anaxandr.41.23 (anap.); φερναὶ πολέμου, of a wife won in battle, E. Ion 298; also, bridal gifts, λάζυσθε φ. τάσδε, παῖδες, of Medea's presents to Creüsa, Id.Med. 956.

II [dialect] Dor. [full] φερνά, portion of victim reserved for the God, IG42(1).40.6, 41.7 (Epid., v/iv B. C.).

πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν, [dialect] Aeol. [full] παῖς,

A

παῖσα Sapph.Supp.13.8

,21.2, 20a.14, Alc.Supp.12.6, 25.8 ; Cret., Thess., Arc. fem. [full] πάνσα GDI 4976 ([place name] Gortyn), IG9(2).234.2 (Pharsalus, iii B.C.), 5(2).343.16 (Orchom. Arc., iv B. C.): gen. παντός, πάσης, παντός : gen. pl. masc. and neut. πάντων, fem. πᾱσῶν, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. πᾱσέων, [dialect] Ep. also πᾱσάων [σᾱ] Od.6.107 : dat. pl. masc. and neut. πᾶσι, [dialect] Ep. and Delph.

πάντεσσι Il.14.246

, IG22.1126.22,44; also [dialect] Locr.

πάντεσιν Berl.Sitzb.1927.8

(V B.C.); Delph.

πάντεσι SIG452.5

(iii B.C.);

πάντοις GDI2652

(Delph., ii B.C.), Tab.Defix.Aud. 75.8: πᾶν as acc. masc. in LXX, π. ἄνδρα, οἰκέτην, οἶκον, 1 Ki.11.8, Ex. 12.44, Je.13.11. [[dialect] Dor. and [dialect] Aeol. πάν [ᾰ] Hdn.Gr.2.12, Pi.O.2.85, Sapph. Oxy. 1787 Fr.3 ii 5,al., and [dialect] Att. in compds., as ἅπᾰν, πάμπᾰν, etc. (but in compds. sts. long in [dialect] Att., AB416).]—Coll. Pron., when used of a number, all; when of one only, the whole; of the several persons in a number, every.

I in pl., all,

πάντες τε θεοὶ πᾶσαί τε θέαιναι Il.8.5

, etc. ; πάντες ὅσοι .. Od.1.11, etc. ; πάντας ᾧ ἂνπεριτυγχάνῃ, for ὅσοις ἄν, Pl.R. 566d : also with the Art., v.infr. B.

2 strengthd. by Advbs., ἅμα πάντες all together, Il.24.253, etc. ;

πάντες ἅμα 1.495

(in Prose commonly ἅπαντες, but not always, v. Hdt.9.23, X.Cyr.1.3.10, etc.): with a collect. noun,

ἅμα πᾶς ὁ δῆμος D.H.2.14

;

πάντες ὁμῶς Il.15.98

;

ὁμοῦ πάντες S.El. 715

;

πάντα μάλα Il.22.115

, Od.5.216, etc. ;

πάντες ὁμοίως D.20.85

, etc.

3 with [comp] Sup., πάντες ἄριστοι all the noblest, Il.9.3, Od.4.272, etc.

4 consisting or composed wholly of, i.e. nothing but, only,

φρουρούμενος ὑπὸ πάντων πολεμίων Pl. R. 579b

;

ἐκ πασῶν δυνάμεων συνεστώς Corp.Herm. 13.2

; cf.11.2.

II sg., all, the whole,

πᾶς δ' ἄρα χαλκῷ λάμπε Il.11.65

, cf. 13.191 ; πᾶσα ὕλη all the wood, Hes.Op. 511, cf. Th. 695, etc. ; πᾶσα ἀληθείη all the truth, Il.24.407, Od.11.507; τὴν φάτνην ἐοῦσαν χαλκέην πᾶσαν all of bronze, Hdt.9.70 ; ἦν ἡ μάχη καρτερὰ καὶ ἐν χερσὶ πᾶσα, ἦν γὰρ τὸ χωρίον πρόσαντες πᾶν, Th.4.43, etc. ; πᾶν κράτος the whole power, sovereign power, S.Ph. 142 (lyr.);

τὸ πᾶν κράτος Hdt.6.35

;

μετὰ πάσης ἀδείας D.18.305

;

πᾶσα ἀνάγκη Pl.Phdr. 240a

; πᾶσαι δ' ὠΐγνυντο πύλαι, πᾶσαι γὰρ ἐπῴχατο [πύλαι], the whole gate was open (shut), i.e. the gate was wide open, quite shut, Il.2.809, 12.340, as expld. by Aristarch. ; v. infr. B.

2 as in 1.4, with attraction, ὁ πάντ' ἄναλκις οὗτος, ἡ πᾶσα βλάβη who is nought but mischief, S.El. 301, cf. Ph. 622, 927.

III every,

οἱ δ' ἄλκιμον ἦτορ ἔχοντες.. πᾶς πέτεται Il.16.265

, cf. Od.13.313, S.El. 972, E.Ba. 1131, 1135 ; ἄκουε πᾶς, = ἀκούετε πάντες, Ar.Th. 372;

πᾶς χώρει Id. Pax 555

: with partit. gen., παντὶ βροτῶν (v.l. βροτῷ) Pi.O.1.100;

πᾶς τοῦτό γ' Ἑλλήνων θροεῖ S.OC 597

;

τῶν ἀνθρώπων πᾶς D.Chr.3.70

; also

πᾶς ἀνήρ S.Aj. 1366

, Ar.Ra. 1125, etc. ;

πᾶσα ἀνθρώπου ψυχή Pl.Phdr. 249e

: with the Art., v. infr. B; πᾶς τις every single one, Thgn.621, Hdt.1.50, 3.79, S.Aj.28, etc. ;

πᾶς τις βροτῶν Id.El. 984

, cf.OC25, etc. ; πᾶς ὅστις .. Id.Aj. 1413 ; πᾶν ὅσον .. A.Pr. 787, etc.

2 less freq., any one,

τὸ μὲν ἐπιτιμᾶν.. φήσαιτις ἂν.. παντὸς εἶναι D.1.16

;

παντὸς ἀνδρός [ἐστι] γνῶναι Pl. Ion 532e

;

χαλεπόν τι καὶ οὐχὶ παντός Id.Alc.1.129a

; παντὸς ἀκούοντος .. when any one hears.., Ev.Matt.13.19 ; ἀμήχανον δὲ παντὸς ἀνδρὸς ἐκμαθεῖν ψυχήν any man's soul, S.Ant. 175 ; πάντων ἀποστερεῖσθαι λυπηρόν to be deprived of anything, D.18.5 ; cf. D. 111.2, VI.

B with the Art., in the sense of all, the whole, when the Subst. is to be strongly specified, πᾶς being put either before the Art. or after the Subst., πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν all his force, Hdt.1.214 ;

τὰ ἀγαθὰ πάντα X.An.3.1.20

(s. v. l.): with abstract Nouns and others which require the Art.,

πάντα τὰ μέλλοντα A.Pr. 101

;

πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν Th.6.87

; τὰ τῆς πόλεως π. all the affairs of state, Lys. 19.48, etc.: emphatically,

τὰς νέας τὰς πάσας Hdt.7.59

.

II πᾶς is put between the Art. and Subst., to denote totality (V. A. 11),

ὁ πᾶς ἀριθμός A.Pers. 339

;

τὴν πᾶσαν ἵππον Hdt.1.80

;

τὸ πᾶν πλῆθος Th.8.93

; οἱ πάντες ἄνθρωποι absolutely all.., X.An.5.6.7, etc. ; so πᾶν the neut.with the Art. itself becomes a Subst., τὸ πᾶν the whole, A.Pr. 275, 456, etc., v. infr. D. IV; τὰ πάντα the whole, Id.Eu.415 ; τοῖς πᾶσιν in all points, Th.2.64, 5.28 ; οἱ πάντες all of them, Hdt.1.80 ; but also, the community, opp. οἱ ὀλίγοι, Th.4.86 ; ἡ μὲν [τάξις] πάντα ἕν, ἡ δὲ πάντα ὅλον, ἡ δὲ πάντα πᾶν all things as a unity, as a totality, as an integral sum, Dam.Pr. 206.

C with Numerals to mark an exact number, ἐννέα πάντες full nine, Od.8.258, cf. 24.60 ;

ἐννέα πάντ' ἔτεα Hes. Th. 803

;

δέκα πάντα τάλαντα Il.19.247

, etc. ; but

κτήνεα τὰ θύσιμα πάντα τρισχίλιαἔθυσε 3

, 000 of all kinds, Hdt.1.50 ; τὸν ἀρχιτέκτονα.. ἐδωρήσατο πᾶσι δέκα with ten presents of all kinds, Id.4.88 ;

Παυσανίῃ πάντα δέκα ἐξαιρέθη Id.9.81

;

τὰ πάντα μυρία Id.3.74

;

πάντα θύειν ἑκατόν Pi.Fr. 170

;

πάντα χίλια ἔθυεν Porph.Abst.2.60

.

II with the Art., in all,

οἱ πάντες.. εἷς καὶ ἐνενήκοντα Hdt.9.70

, cf. 1.214, Th.1.60, 3.85, etc. ;

τριήρεις.. τὰς πάσας ἐς διακοσίας Id.1.100

, cf. 7.1 ;

ἐν εἴκοσι ταῖς πάσαις ἡμέραις Arr.An.1.11.5

.

D Special Usages: in dat. pl. masc. πᾶσι, with or in the judgement of all, Il.2.285, S.OC 1446 ;

ὁ πᾶσι κλεινός Id.OT8

; κράτιστον πᾶσιν Οἰδίπου κάρα ib.40.

2 fem. pl., ἔδοξε πάσαις (sc. ταῖς ψήφοις ) carried unanimously, IG12(3).168.14 (Astypalaea, ii/i B. C.), cf. Luc. Bis Acc. 18,22.

II neut. pl. πάντα all kinds of things, Hom., freq. in phrase δαίδαλα πάντα, Il.5.60,al. ;

οἰωνοῖσι πᾶσι 1.5

.

2 πάντα γιγνόμενος becoming all things, i. e. assuming every shape, Od.4.417.

3 πάντα εἶναί τινι to be everything to one,

ἦν οἱ.. τὰ πάντα ἡ Κυνώ Hdt.1.122

; ἦσάν οἱ πάντα —ἅπαντα codd.)

αἱ Συρήκουσαι Id.7.156

;

Εὔβοια αὐτοῖς πάντα ἦν Th.8.95

;

πάντ' ἐκεῖνος ἦν αὐτοῖς D.18.43

; π. ἦν Ἀλέξανδρος (sc. ὑμῖν) Id.23.120 ; π. εἶναι ἔν τισι to be all in all among them, Hdt.3.157.

4 πάντα as Adv. for πάντως, in all points, entirely, wholly,

π. νοήμονες Od.13.209

;

π. γὰρ οὐ κακός εἰμι 8.214

;

ὁ πάντ' ἄναλκις S.El. 301

;

τῷ πάντ' ἀγαθῷ Id.Aj. 1415

(anap.);

τὸν πάντ' ἄριστον Id.OC 1458

;

πάντ' ἐπιστήμης πλέων Id.Ant. 721

(hence παντάγαθος, παντάριστος, etc. as compd. words); τὰ πολλὰ π. almost throughout, Hdt.5.67, cf. 1.203, 2.35 ; but τὰ π. in every way, by all means, altogether, Id.5.97 ;

οἰόμενοι τὰ π. νικᾶν X. An.2.1.1

;

ὁ τὰ π. φιλαίτατος Theoc.7.98

; also ἐς τὰ π. Th.4.81 ; κατὰ π. ibid., Pl.Ti. 30d.

III neut. sg., τὸ πᾶν the whole (V. B. 11),

περὶ τοῦ π. δρόμον θέειν Hdt.8.74

;

πολλοῦ γε καὶ τοῦ π. ἐλλείπω A. Pr. 961

;

τοῦ π. ἡμαρτηκέναι Pl.Phdr. 235e

; ἄξιοι τοῦ π. Id.Sph. 216c ; τὸ πᾶν as Adv., completely, altogether, A.Supp. 781 (lyr.), S.El. 1009, Pl.Lg. 959a, etc. (but, for all that, nevertheless, A.D.Synt.188.27): with neg., at all,

οὐκ ἠξίωσαν οὐδὲ προσβλέψαι τὸ πᾶν A.Pr. 217

, etc. ; also πᾶν alone, Hdt.1.32, etc.

b in Philos., τὸ πᾶν the universe, Emp.13, Pythag. ap. Arist.Cael. 268a11, Pl.Ti. 28c, 30b, etc.; including τὸ κενόν (opp. τὸ ὅλον), Placit.2.1.7 ; also, Pythag. name for ten, Iamb. in Nic.p.118P., Theol.Ar.59.

c τῷ παντί in every point, altogether, X.HG7.5.12, etc.

d τὸ π., = μολυβδόχαλκος, Ps.- Democr. Alch.p.56 B., Maria ap.Zos.Alch.p.192 B.

2 πᾶν anything,

πᾶν μᾶλλον ἢ στρατιήν οἱ ἐδίδου Hdt.4.162

; εἴη δ' ἂν πᾶν anything is possible, ib. 195 ; πᾶν ποιῶν by any means whatever, Pl.Ap. 39a (also πᾶν ποιεῖν καὶ λέγειν ibid. ; πᾶν ποιεῖν ὥστε .. Id.Phd. 114c), cf. Pi.I. 4(3).48 ;

πᾶν ἂν ἔπραξαν Lys.9.16

: more freq. in pl.,

πάντα ποιῶν Id.12.84

, D.21.2 ; π. ποιεῖν ὅπως .. X.HG7.4.21 ;

πάντα τολμῶν S.OC 761

; cf. A. 111.2.

3 ἐπὶ πᾶν on the whole, in general, Pl.Lg. 875d ;

ὡς ἐπὶ πᾶν εἰπεῖν Id.Euthd. 279e

, etc.;

τὸ πρὸς ἅπαν ξυνετὸν ἐπὶ πᾶν ἀργόν Th.3.82

.

4 παντὸς μᾶλλον more than anything, i. e. above all, Pl.Cri. 49b, Prt. 344b, Grg. 527b ;

π. μᾶλλον οὐ Id.Phdr. 228d

: in answers, π. γε μᾶλλον quite so, Id.Phd. 67b.

IV with Preps.,

εἰς πᾶν προελήλυθε μοχθηρίας D.3.3

; ἐς τὸ πᾶν altogether, A.Ag. 682 (lyr.), Eu.52,83 ; ἐν παντὶ ἀθυμίας εἶναι to be in utter despair, Th.7.55 : more freq. ἐν παντὶ εἶναι, ἐν παντὶ κακοῦ εἶναι, to be in great danger or fear, Pl.Smp. 194a, R. 579b ;

ἐν π. γενέσθαι Id.Euthd. 301a

;

ἐμ παντὶ ἐοῦσα IG42(1).122.27

(Epid., iv B. C.); ἐν παντὶ εἶναι μή .. to be in great fear lest.., X.HG5.4.29 ;

ἐς πᾶν κακοῦ ἀπίκατο Hdt.7.118

;

ἐς πᾶν ἀφικέσθαι X.HG6.1.12

;

εἰς πᾶν ἐλθεῖν D.54.13

; ἐπὶ πᾶσιν in all things,

καιρὸς δ' ἐπὶ π. ἄριστος Hes.Op. 694

; but also, finally, Philostr.VS2.11.1, al. ; περὶ παντὸς ποιεῖσθαι esteem above all,X.HG7.1.26, An.1.9.16 ; πρὸ παντὸς εὔχεσθαι wish above all, Pl.Phdr. 239e ; διὰ παντός (sc. χρόνου) for ever, continually, S.Aj. 705 (lyr.), Th.1.38, etc. ; also, altogether, Pl.R. 407d ;

διὰ πάντων Id.Sph. 254b

; ὁ κατὰ πάντων λόγος the common formula, PMag.Par.1.2186 ; ἡ κ. π. τελετή ib.1596, PMag.Lond. 121.872 ; μέχρι παντός for ever, Str.8.6.18 ;

εἰς τὸ πᾶν ἀεί A.Ch. 684

;

ἐς τὸ πᾶν χρόνου Id.Eu. 670

.

V διὰ πασῶν (sc. χορδῶν), v. διαπασῶν.

VI οὐ πᾶς not any, i.e. none, LXX Ps.142(143).2, Ev.Luc.1.37, Ep.Gal.2.16, al. ; ἄνευ πάσης ταραχῆς without any disturbance, D.S.15.87.

------------------------------------

πᾶς (B), Cypr.,

A = παῖς, Inscr.Cypr. 106, 210 H.

------------------------------------

πᾶς (C),

A = πατήρ (Syracus.), EM651.7.

ἀνάστασις, εως, ἡ (s. ἀνίστημι; Aeschyl., Hdt.+ in var. mngs.).

① a change for the better in status, rising up, rise (La 3:63; Zech 3:8; Jos., Ant. 17, 212; 18, 301 [here of the ‘erection’ of a statue]) κεῖται εἰς πτῶσιν καὶ ἀ. πολλῶν he is destined for the fall and rise of many of Jesus Lk 2:34, i.e. because of him many will fall and others will rise, viz. in relation to God (for contrast w. πτῶσις cp. Evagrius Pont., Sent. 5, 19 p. 327 Frankenberg: ἡ μικρὰ τ. σώματος ἀνάστασίς ἐστιν ἡ μετάθεσις αὐτοῦ ἐκ πτώσεως τ. ἀσελγείας εἰς τὴν τ. ἁγιασμοῦ ἀνάστασιν).—Esp.

② resurrection from the dead, resurrection (Aeschyl., Eum. 648 ἅπαξ θανόντος οὔτις ἐστʼ ἀ. [cp. Job 7:9f; 16:22]; Ps.-Lucian, De Salt. 45; Ael. Aristid. 32, 25 K.=12 p. 142 D.; 46 p. 300 D.; IGR IV 743, 25 [ο]ἱ δὴ δ[είλ]αιοι πάντ[ες] εἰς ἀ[νά]στασιν|[----][the stone breaks off after ἀ. and some think that βλέποντες or the like is to be supplied]; 2 Macc 7:14; 12:43), and so

ⓐ in the past: of Jesus’ res. (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 57, 25) Ac 1:22; 2:31; 4:33; Ro 6:5; Phil 3:10 (JFitzmyer, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 411–25); 1 Pt 3:21; 1 Cl 42:3; ISm 3:1, 3; in more detail ἀ. ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 Pt 1:3; ἀ. νεκρῶν res. from the dead Ro 1:4; w. the passion of Jesus IEph 20:1; Mg 11; Tr ins; Phld ins; 8:2; 9:2; Sm 7:2; 12:2; cp. 1:2. τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τὴν ἀ. εὐαγγελίζεσθαι proclaim Jesus and the res. i.e. his res., and in consequence, the possibility of a general res. Ac 17:18 (but s. 3 below. τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν could also mean ‘the res. of Jesus’, as perh. Nicol Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 18 p. 400, 17 Jac. μνήμη τἀνδρὸς καὶ φιλοστοργίας=‘… the love of the man’); cp. vs. 32 and 4:2. Of the raisings from the dead by Elijah and Elisha ἔλαβον γυναῖκες ἐξ ἀ. τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν women (i.e. the widow of Zarephath and the Shunammite woman 3 Km 17:23; 4 Km 4:36) received their dead by res. Hb 11:35.

ⓑ of the future res. (Theoph. Ant. 1, 13 [p. 86, 25]), linked with Judgment Day: described as ἀ. νεκρῶν (Did., Gen. 96, 13) Mt 22:31; Ac 23:6; 24:15, 21; 26:23; 1 Cor 15:12f; 21; 42; Hb 6:2; D 16:6; or ἀ. ἐκ νεκρῶν Lk 20:35; B 5:6; AcPlCor 2:35 (cp. Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 45, 2); cp. IPol 7:1; Pol 7:1; MPol 14:2. ἀ. σαρκός (not found in the NT) AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24 (Just., D. 80, 5; σωμάτων Tat. 6, 1; Ath., R. 11 p. 59, 14). Of Jesus: τὴν ἀ. ποιεῖν bring about the res. (of the dead) B 5:7. Jesus’ Passion as our res. ISm 5:3. ἀθάνατος τῆς ἀ. καρπός 2 Cl 19:3. Described as ἀ. κρείττων Hb 11:35 in contrast w. the res. of the past, because the latter was, after all, followed by death. ἡ μέλλουσα ἀ. (Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 17]) the future res. 1 Cl 24:1. ἡ κατὰ καιρὸν γινομένη ἀ. the res. that comes at regular intervals (i.e. seasons, day and night), as a type of the future res. 24:2.—More details in J, who mentions an ἀ. ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ on the Last Day J 11:24 and differentiates betw. the ἀ. κρίσεως res. for judgment for the wicked and the ἀ. ζωῆς res. to life for those who do good 5:29. Christ calls himself ἡ ἀ. and ἡ ζωή 11:25, since he mediates both to humans.—Paul seeks to demonstrate the validity of belief in Jesus’ res. in terms of the res. of the dead in general 1 Cor 15:12ff (s. MDahl, The Res. of the Body. A Study of 1 Cor 15, ’62 and s. τάγμα 1b). γνῶναι … τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀ. αὐτου Phil 3:10.—Lk 14:14 mentions only a res. of the just, as in some intertestamental belief; likew. B 21:1. Hebraistically υἱοὶ τῆς ἀ. (w. υἱοὶ θεοῦ) children of the res.=sharers in the resurrection Lk 20:36. A second res. is presupposed by the ἀ. ἡ πρώτη of Rv 20:5f. Denial of res. by the Sadducees Mt 22:23, 28, 30f; Mk 12:18, 23; Lk 20:27, 33, 35f (on this see Schürer II 391; 411); by the Epicureans Ac 17:18 (ERohde, Psyche³ 1903 II 331–35; cp. the ins 2 above, beg.); and by Christians 1 Cor 15:12 (prob. in the sense of Just., D. 80, 4 λέγουσι μὴ εἶναι νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν, ἀλλʼ ἅμα τῷ ἀποθνῄσκειν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν ἀναλαμβάνεσθαι εἰς τ. οὐρανόν ‘they say there is no resurrection of the dead, but that at the time of death their souls are taken up into heaven’; s. JWilson, ZNW 59, ’68, 90–107); 2 Ti 2:18 (cp. Menander in Iren. 1, 23, 5 [Harv. I 195] resurrectionem enim per id quod est in eum baptisma, accipere eius discipulos, et ultra non posse mori, sed perseverare non senescentes et immortales [Menander teaches that] ‘his followers receive resurrection by being baptized into him, and that they face death no more, but live on without growing old, exempt from death’; cp. Just., A I, 26, 4; Valentinus in Clem. of Alex., Str. 4, 13, 91; Tertull., Carn. Resurr. 25 agnitio sacramenti [=ἡ τοῦ μυστηρίου γνῶσις] resurrectio).—FNötscher, Altoriental. u. atl. Auferstehungsglaube 1926; JLeipoldt, Sterbende u. auferstehende Götter 1923; Cumont³ ’31; ANikolainen, D. Auferstehungsglauben in d. Bibel u. in ihrer Umwelt. I Relgesch. Teil ’44. II NT ’46.—WBousset, Rel.³, 1926, 269–74 al.; Billerb. IV 1928, 1166–98.—AMeyer, D. Auferstehung Christi 1905; KLake, The Historical Evidence of Res. of Jesus Christ 1907; LBrun, D. Auferst. Christi in d. urchr. Überl. 1925; PGardner-Smith, The Narratives of the Resurrection 1926; SMcCasland, The Res. of Jesus ’32; MGoguel, La foi à la résurr. de Jésus dans le Christianisme primitif ’33; EFascher, ZNW 26, 1927, 1–26; EFuchs, ZKG 51, ’32, 1–20; AThomson, Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? ’40; EHirsch, D. Auferstehungsgeschichten u. d. chr. Glaube ’40; PAlthaus, D. Wahrheit des kirchl. Osterglaubens² ’41; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen des Auferstandenen ’44; ARamsey, The Res. of Christ ’45; JLeipoldt, Zu den Auferstehungsgeschichten: TLZ 73, ’48, 737–42 (rel.-Hist.); KRengstorf, Die Auferstehung Jesu² ’54; GKoch, Die Auferstehung J. Christi ’59; HGrass, Ostergeschehen u. Osterberichte ’56; ELohse, Die Auferstehung J. Chr. im Zeugnis des Lk ’61; HvCampenhausen, Tradition and Life in the Early Church, ’68, 42–89; WCraig, Assessing the NT Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus ’89; GLüdemann, Die Auferstehung Jesu ’94. S. also τάφος 1.—KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke b. Pls 1912; GVos, The Pauline Doctrine of the Res.: PTR 27, 1929, 1–35; 193–226; FGuntermann, D. Eschatologie d. hl. Pls ’32; HMolitor, Die Auferstehung d. Christen und Nichtchristen nach d. Ap. Pls ’33; LSimeone, Resurrectionis iustorum doctr. in Ep. S. Pauli ’38; DStanley, Christ’s Resurrection in Pauline Soteriology ’61; CMoule, NTS 12, ’65/66, 106–23; MdeBoer, The Defeat of Death ’88; JHolleman, A Traditio-Historical Study of Paul’s Eschatology in 1 Cor 15 (NovT Suppl. 84), ’96.—RGrant, Miracle and Nat. Law ’52, 221–63. JBuitkamp, Auferstehungsglaube in den Qumrantexten, diss. Groningen ’64; GWild, Auferstehungsglaube des späten Israel, diss. Bonn. ’67; W. Pannenberg, Grundzüge der Christologie⁶ ’82, 74ff.

③ a deity within a polytheistic system, Resurrection Ac 17:18. This interpr., first set forth by Chrysostom (Hom. in Act. 38, 1), has found modern supporters (s. Haenchen ad loc.). The semantic issue arises from the fact that the narrative presents the auditors as theologically ignorant. Their assumption is that Paul seemed to be a proclaimer of ‘new divinities’ (vs. 18a). From their perspective the term ἀ. suggests a divinity named Resurrection (abstractions identified as divinities were not uncommon in the Gr-Rom. world, s. EA 19 ’92, 71–73). But the omniscient author informs the reader that bodily resurrection (as in 2 above) is meant.—DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἵστημι (Hom.+, ins, pap [Mayser 353]; LXX [Thackeray 247f]; pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog. exc. Ar.) and also ἱστάνω (since I B.C. SIG 1104, 26 ἱστανόμενος; pap [Mayser, loc. cit., with ἀνθιστάνω documented here as early as III B.C.]; Epict. 3, 12, 2; LXX [Ezk 17:14; Thackeray, loc. cit.]; later wr. in Psaltes 236) Ro 3:31; Hs 8, 1, 10 (s. Whittaker on 8, 1, 8; s. B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202). Fut. στήσω; 1 aor. ἔστησα; 2 aor. ἔστην, impv. στῆθι, inf. στῆναι, ptc. στάς; pf. ἕστηκα ( I stand), ptc. ἑστηκώς, ός and ἑστώς En 12:3; JosAs 7:2; J 12:29,-ῶσα J 8:9 v.l., neut. ἑστώς Rv 14:1 v.l. (s. B-D-F §96; W-S. §14, 5; Mlt-H. 222) and ἑστός, inf. always ἑστάναι; plpf. εἱστήκειν ( I stood) or ἱστήκειν GPt 2:3, third pl. εἱστήκεισαν Mt 12:46; J 18:18; Ac 9:7; Rv 7:11 (W-H. spell it ἱστ. everywhere); ἑστάκαμεν w. act. mng. 1 Macc 11:34; fut. mid. στήσομαι Rv 18:15. Pass.: 1 fut. σταθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐστάθην (PEg² 65). S. στήκω. Trans.: A. Intr.: B, C, D.

A. trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.; s. B-D-F §97, 1; Mlt-H. 241) gener. ‘put, place, set’.

① to cause to be in a place or position, set, place, bring, allow to come τινά someone, lit. ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ Ac 5:27. εἰς αὐτούς before them 22:30. ἐκ δεξιῶν τινος at someone’s right (hand) Mt 25:33. ἐν μέσῳ in the midst, among 18:2; Mk 9:36; J 8:3. ἐνώπιόν τινος before someone Ac 6:6. Also κατενώπιόν τινος Jd 24. ἐπί τι upon someth. Mt 4:5; Lk 4:9. παρά τινι beside someone 9:47.